Through targeted efforts and compromises, both developed and developing countries have succeeded in pursuing some aspects of the negotiations on loss and damage. In the Paris Agreement, developing countries obtained an independent article on loss and damage, which infuses wiM as a permanent governmental institution to promote the best methods of approaching loss and damage. The industrialized countries, led by the United States, managed to obtain a language of zero responsibility in the decision. Open Access This article is placed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License that allows the use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any media or format, as long as you correctly indicate the original author(s) and source – a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if any changes have been made. Images or other third-party materials contained in this article are included in the Creative Commons license of the article, unless otherwise specified in a line of credit for the material. If the material is not included in the Creative Commons license of the article and your use is not permitted by law or exceeds the permitted use, you must obtain permission directly from the copyright owner. A copy of this license can be found at creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Parity culminated in two respects at COP20: 1) with negotiations on the necessary elements that parties should include in their planned national contributions (“INDCs”) that should be presented before COP21; and (2) at the heart of the new agreement. [11] As might be expected, developed countries have argued that INDCs should focus exclusively on containment. Developing countries disagreed and supported the inclusion of adaptation.
[12] Ultimately, developing countries prevailed, as provided for in the text of decision Cop20, which “commits all contracting parties to consider communicating their adaptation planning commitments or including an adjustment component in their planned national contributions.” [13] The parties also agreed that the new instrument to be developed at COP21 would address adaptation and reduction “in a balanced manner”. [14] Bodansky D (2016) The Paris Agreement on climate change: a new hope? At J Int Law 110:288-319. doi.org/10.5305/amerjintelaw.110.2.0288 Rajamani L (2015) Negotiation of the 2015 Climate Agreement: issues relating to legal form and nature. Research Paper 28. Mitigation Action Plans & Scenarios, Cape Town, South Africa, p. 26 [17] Paris Agreements, art. 2.1, 15. December 2015, unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf. The parties adopted the Paris Agreement on 12 December 2015, but it has not yet been ratified or entered into force. The signing period will begin on 22 April 2016 and will enter into force as soon as 55 countries from which at least 55% of global emissions escape deposit their instruments of ratification. Historic Paris Agreement on Climate Change: 195 nations set the way forward to keep temperature rise well below 2 degrees Celsius, Un Framework Convention on Climate Change, newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/finale-cop21/ (the last time was visited on 15 April 2016). These databases contain citations from different sub-quantities of available publications and from different time periods, so the number of citations usually differs from each.
Some works are not in any of the databases and no number is displayed. Scopus contains citations of articles published from 1996 and Web of Science® usually from 1980. . . .